So with the commands file, are all the commands loaded into the ready queue all at once, then you start executing with the first one i.e., shortsleep in this case Or is it the case that longsleep only enters the ready queue after shortsleep exists. If the latter is true wouldn't it mean that the only time the ready queue has more than one process is when you 'spawn' a new process. Also when it comes to spawning processes, such as 'cal' in 'shell', is it always the case that the parent process waits for the child process to complete?